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How are winners declared?

In the presidential election:

Beyond winning a simple majority, the victorious candidate also has to have at least 25 percent of the votes cast in at least 24 of the country’s 36 states.

If no candidate meets these criteria, a run-off will be conducted within 21 days, with only two candidates allowed to participate: the one with the highest number of votes in total and the candidate who garnered the required 25 percent votes in more states than any other candidate.

If there are two candidates who meet the second criterion, the candidate with the highest vote tally will be picked to run against the candidate with the majority of the votes in the first round of voting.

Essentially, second place in the first voting round does not guarantee a spot in the run-off.

The election can be cancelled if wide malpractice is recorded. In this case, a rerun will be ordered instead of a run-off.
In governorship and state parliament elections:

The winner must get the highest number of votes and 25 percent of the votes cast in two-thirds of the state’s local government areas.